In general, the early growth period of Chinese cabbage is in the higher temperature season, and the ball-forming period is in the cooler season. Therefore, the harvest period of cultivated Chinese cabbage in autumn and winter is generally in the colder season of early winter or winter, and the climate is gradually cold after harvest, which is conducive to storage.

1 cultivation season

The purpose of most Chinese cabbage cultivation is to store in the cold winter to solve the problem of low season supply of winter vegetables. This purpose requires that the harvest of Chinese cabbage should be postponed as far as possible before the onset of freezing damage. The harvesting period of Chinese cabbage should be below -2 °C (the critical temperature at which freezing damage cannot be recovered) before the cold current invaded. The sowing period can be arranged in the local cold below -2 °C, and pushed up to the growth period of Chinese cabbage. At the time of harvest, the cabbage is tightly packed, the yield is high, the quality is good, and it is not affected by freezing. Such sowing period and cultivation season are suitable. If the sowing date is too early, the time of the Chinese cabbage in the early hot season will be longer. If the ambient temperature is too high, the roots of the seedlings will be burned; the growth and development will be bad, and the virus disease will be aggravated; resulting in a substantial reduction in production or even loss. However, the sowing period is too late, although the disease is greatly reduced, but because the harvest period is fixed, the growth period is greatly shortened, the leaf ball can not grow sufficiently, and the core is not tight, which will reduce the yield and quality.

The sowing period of Chinese cabbage should be strictly controlled everywhere, and it is not possible to copy the time in the field. Specific dates should be flexibly determined based on local characteristics. First, based on the weather forecast for the year. When the average temperature of the year of planting is near or lower than normal, it can be broadcast early, otherwise it should be broadcast for a few days. Second, late-maturing varieties that are resistant to disease and have a long growing season can be broadcast early, otherwise they should be broadcasted for a few days. Thirdly, the suburban vegetable fields with fertile soil, sufficient fertilizer and many pathogens should be broadcasted at appropriate; the grain and vegetable rotations, soil fertility and poor pathogens can be broadcast early. Fourth, when seedlings are transplanted, the seedlings have a slow seedling period and should be broadcasted 4 to 5 days earlier than the live broadcast. Fifth, early maturity cultivation is generally suitable for early broadcast in order to harvest the supply market in advance. The above mentioned early and late sowing days are advanced or delayed by 3 to 5 days during the normal sowing period.

2 Soil selection and land preparation

Chinese cabbage requires more fertilizer and water, and the root system is shallower. It is not possible to use the deep water and nutrients in the soil. Therefore, it is better to use soil that is fertile and retains water and fertility. However, soil drainage is poor and soft rot is prone to occur. Therefore, it is best to use fertile loam, silt loam or clay loam. Chinese cabbage was cultivated in sandy soil, which grew rapidly in the early stage and had poor ball formation in the later stage. Cultivation of Chinese cabbage in sticky soil, early growth is slow, good ball formation in the late stage, high yield, but the water content of the leaf ball is high, the quality is poor, and the disease is heavier. If the front stalk of Chinese cabbage is wheat or corn, the soil fertility is slightly worse, but the pests and diseases are lighter. If the front hoe is a vegetable, the soil is stronger. However, care should be taken not to continue cropping with cruciferous crops such as cabbage and radish in the same year, so as to avoid serious occurrence and prevalence of diseases such as viral diseases. At the same time, it should also avoid the cultivation of cruciferous crops in adjacent fields.

After the previous transcript, it should be turned upside down immediately, combined with the tumbling, about 5,000 square meters of 190 square meters of organic fertilizer. After turning over the ground, squat, do squat or ridge. In the northern part of China, ridge cultivation or flat cultivating is used, while in the south, sorghum cultivation is mostly used. Ridge cultivation and sorghum cultivation facilitate drainage, keep the soil loose, and the roots of the plants are developed, which can alleviate the damage of soft rot. It is easy to maintain soil moisture. It is advisable to use flat hoes in arid areas, and it is advisable to use sorghum or high ridges in areas with heavy rain, high groundwater levels and serious diseases.

3 sowing

3.1 Live broadcast and management before and after emergence

There are two methods of live broadcasting and spot broadcasting. The seeding is a shallow ditch that is 2~3 cm in line spacing. The seeds are evenly scattered in the ditch and covered with fine soil. The hole sowing is a hole that is 2~3 cm deep in the row according to the plant spacing. After 2~3 seeds are seeded, the fine soil is covered. No matter which method is used, the seeding depth is uniform, and the thickness of the covering soil is the same, and the amount of seed per acre is 150-200 grams. The key to ensuring Miao Quan and Miao Zhuang by the live broadcast method is soil moisture. Before the sowing, the water should be watered before the sowing. The high ridge should be poured with small water before planting. It can also be covered with thick soil after sowing, and the excess soil will be removed before emergence. In the year when the weather is dry, it is necessary to water the ridges in time after sowing to keep the ridges moist. After the sowing and during the emergence period, pouring small water and lowering the ground temperature can prevent the bud from burning.

3.2 Seedbed management during nursery

The seedbed used for nursery should be a plot with high dryness, easy irrigation, close to the cultivation ground, front or adjacent fields, not cruciferous vegetables. The seedling bed is ground with decomposed organic fertilizer, shallowly turned, flattened, and made into flat. It is possible to use diced seedlings, that is, to pour large water in the flat shovel. After the water has been infiltrated, use a long knife to slash 8~10 cm and sift 2~3 seeds in the center of the square. It can also be used to nurse seedlings, and the prepared nutritious soil is put into the pot. After pouring water, the seeds are sown 2~3 times. It can also be used to raise seedlings, and the seedlings are used for spreading seedlings. The seedlings are 2-3 grams per square meter of bed and 1 cm after sowing. Before the budding, cover the shade with grass stalks or wheat straw to prevent strong sunlight exposure; do not pour large water after germination to prevent soil slab joints. If the weather is hot and dry, you can pour small water or spray small water to keep the soil moist and lower the soil temperature.

4 seedling management

Seedling management refers to the management of young shoots unearthed to the group period.

4.1 Watering and drainage

The growth rate of the seedlings is very fast, and the weight of the plants is increased by several tens of times, and the average daily increase is 24% to 25%. Because of its small root system, its ability to absorb water and nutrients is weak, so a small amount of topdressing and watering must be done in a timely manner. When the weather is dry, water should be poured once every 2~3 days to keep the ground moist. If there are weeds, watering will be done within 1~2 days after shallow. The main purpose of this period of watering is to reduce the ground temperature and prevent high temperature from burning the seedling roots. In case of high temperature and dry weather, the nursery bed can be shaded at noon in addition to timely watering.

In order to ensure sufficient nutrition of the seedlings, the seed fertilizer can be applied at the time of sowing, and urea or compound fertilizer is applied for 5 to 7 kg per 667 square meters. Due to the rain in the seedling stage, the effective nutrients in the soil will be lost a lot. It can be combined with watering or rain before applying 5~10 kg of urea per 667 square meters. Apply eccentric fertilizer to the seedlings with weak growth in the field for 2~3 times, and promote the growth of the seedlings in a uniform manner. In the case of rainy accumulation in the seedling stage, in addition to timely drainage, we must also grasp the cultivating loose soil to enhance soil permeability.

4.2 Controlling aphids

Aphids occur frequently in the seedling stage of Chinese cabbage, and aphids are the main vector of Chinese cabbage virus disease. Spray out 40% dimethoate 1000 times solution every 5~6 days after emergence, or kill 2000 times solution.

The weeds around the ground should be sprayed when spraying, and the seedling bed should be isolated by gauze to avoid the damage of mites.

4.3 seedlings and seedlings

After the seedlings are out, the seedlings can be carried out in the cotyledon stage, the cross and the 3~4 true leaves. In the nursery bed, the last seedling distance should be about 10 cm. When raising seedlings in a nutrient bowl, only 1 seedling per pot is left. The live broadcaster fixed the seedlings at 5~6 leaves.

In the high temperature and dry years, the seedlings should be properly planted in the evening and the seedlings should be fixed in the evening to make the seedlings denser to cover the ground to reduce the ground temperature and reduce the occurrence of viral diseases.

Late seedlings also have the opportunity to remove early-stage viral disease plants. When there is a shortage of seedlings in the field, the seedlings should be used early to replenish the seedlings; the seedlings should be carried out in the afternoon, and watered in time after replenishment. Each time between the seedlings and the seedlings, water should be watered immediately to prevent the roots of the seedlings from shaking and affecting water absorption and wilting.

4.4 transplanting seedlings

When seedlings are transplanted, the seedling age should not be too large. Generally, the seedling age is 15~20 days, and the seedlings have 5~6 true leaves. It is suitable for transplanting; the seedling age is too large, the seedlings are slow after transplanting, and the growth is delayed. Finish the ball. Transplanting is best carried out on a cloudy afternoon. When the seedlings are planted, the roots are less damaged and the water is planted immediately after transplanting.

5 rosette management

Chinese cabbage from seedling to rosette leaves all grow into a rosette period. In this period, the cabbage must grow into a developed leaf cluster, and the ball leaves should occur in time. The lotus leaf is not developed, the nutrient is insufficient to produce, the ball leaves can not be enriched, and the high yield cannot be achieved. If the rosette leaves are excessively strong, the leaves will be delayed, and the high yield will not be produced. Therefore, the key to the cultivation measures in this period is to ensure the development of the rosette leaves, while at the same time preventing it from over-prospering and ensuring the timely and sufficient occurrence of the leaves.

In order to fully supply the water and nutrients needed for the growth of the rosette leaves, a “fertilizer” is applied after the seedlings are fixed, and 10 to 15 kg of urea is applied per 667 square meters, and then water is poured. This fertilizer happens to have a fertilizer effect in the Chinese cabbage cluster, which can effectively promote the growth and development of the 2~3 rosette leaf ring. After that, water the water every 5~6 days according to the lyrics, and keep the soil dry and wet. This period of watering should not be too much, so as to avoid the growth of rosette leaves.

There are three measures for the management of fertilizer and water from the seedling stage to the rosette period: First, the “control” is the main, that is, the watering and fertilization are less, the lotus leaf leaves are inhibited from growing, and the leaf ball is promoted in time; the second is “promotion and control combination”. "When the seedling stage is properly watered, fertilized, promote the growth and development of seedlings, properly control the water and fertilizer in the late stage of the rosette, and promote the timely encircling of the leaf ball; the third is to promote the water, the early attack of water and fertilizer, and the more watering Fertilization, promote rapid growth and development of plants; each of these three measures has suitable environmental conditions and should be used flexibly.

In the case of a hybrid first-generation seed with a late sowing, a temperate climate, and a uniform growth trait, a third measure should be adopted to achieve rapid growth and development in a short growth period and high yield. In the case that the sowing period is earlier, the climate is suitable, and the growth is relatively strong, the second measure can be adopted. This will produce high yields without causing serious disease. In the early planting, the temperature is high and dry during the seedling stage and the rose period, and the first measure should be used when the disease occurs seriously.

6 Ball period management

Chinese cabbage begins from the beginning of the heart to the maturity of the leaf ball. This period has the largest growth, so it requires a large supply of water and nutrients. In the early stage of the ball, the rosette leaves and the outer leaves are vigorously growing at the same time, requiring more fertilizer. Therefore, a lot of topdressing was done a few days before the beginning of the package. This time, the topdressing fertilizer should be applied to the long-lasting organic fertilizer for absorption and utilization during the whole balling period. The amount of fertilizer should be slightly larger. Generally, 1000-1500 kg of large manure is applied per 667 square meters, or 50-100 kg of bean cake, or 20~25 kg of compound fertilizer. It can be ditched, or applied at a single plant.

In the middle of the ball, when the inner leaves continue to grow to enrich the leaf ball, the weight of the leaf ball increases the most, and the quick-acting fertilizer should be applied. Generally, after about 15 days, the company will chase “supplemental fertilizer”, which can be used to wash human waste with 500~1000 kilograms per 667 square meters, or 10~15 kilograms of compound fertilizer.

Chinese cabbage absorbs the most nitrogen fertilizer at the seedling stage, followed by potassium and phosphorus. In the rosette stage and the ball stage, the potassium is most absorbed, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, after the rosette period, fertilization should pay attention to the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Partial application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause long growth, plant water content increases, and quality declines. Therefore, it is advisable to use a comprehensive organic fertilizer, or a compound fertilizer, or a potassium sulfate of 20 to 50 kg per 667 square meters.

During the ball-forming period, a large amount of water should be watered, and water should be poured once every 5 to 6 days to keep the soil moist, and see the wetness and dryness to ensure the vigorous growth and development. Stop watering 5~8 days before harvest to avoid plant greed, reduce the water content of the leaf ball, and improve storage stability.

7 bunches

The ball cabbage is raised 10 to 15 days before harvest, the rosette leaves are lifted, the leaf ball is hugged, and the leaves are bundled with straw rope. The leaves are used to protect the leaf ball, avoiding the freezing damage of the leaf before harvest, and also reducing the damage of the leaves during harvest. The leaves also have softened leaf balls, which improve the quality and are easy to harvest, transport and store. The photosynthesis of rosettes after bunching leaves is greatly affected, so premature bundles are not conducive to the manufacture of nutrients, which is not conducive to the filling of leafballs, and can not achieve the purpose of promoting ball formation.

8 harvest

Late-maturing varieties used for winter storage should be harvested several days before the cold current below -2 °C in the local area. After the harvest is too late, the freezing damage can not be recovered at a low temperature of -3 to -5 ° C for a long time. Harvesting is too early, the outside temperature is too high, unfavorable storage, and will affect production. At the time of harvest, the roots are pulled out and piled up in the field. The top of the ball is facing outwards, and the roots are facing inward to prevent freezing damage. Leave it to dry for a few days, wait until the weather turns cold and then store it.

I would like to talk about the cultivation techniques of Chinese cabbage in autumn and winter, and I hope to help the farmers who have planted Chinese cabbage! If you want to know more about the cultivation techniques of other Chinese cabbage, you can leave a message!

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