In recent years, the intensive cultivation of agriculture and the index of multiple cropping and replanting have increased, and soil pests and diseases have shown a high incidence. Due to the difficulty of prevention and control and frequent initiation of food safety issues, prevention and control of soil pests and diseases has become a hot topic of public discussion. On August 16th, the “First Conference on Soil Pest Management Solutions” was held in Beijing. Experts believe that there is an urgent need for integrated soil management programs that cover seed health testing, soil disinfection, and chemical control. For manufacturers, focusing on integrated soil management will be one of the magic weapons to win the market.

Soil pests and diseases highlighted

With the development of intensive cultivation, it is increasingly difficult to reverse the rotation. Planting for successive years has caused soil-borne pathogens and eggs to accumulate, and soil-borne diseases and pests have been very serious. This has become a prominent issue in current agricultural production.

Experts from the world-renowned soil disinfection experts and the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Cao Yucheng, said: “The continuous cropping of ginseng, Tianqi and other economic crops is the biggest obstacle to the production of high-quality raw materials. The same plot of land, the first crop planted in March 7 grows gratifying, the first The second may not even be able to recover the cost of the investment."

According to reports, land that has been planted on March 7 usually takes about 20 years to re-rotate. After 3 years, the seedling density of the old ginseng plants is below 25%, and more than 75% of the seedlings are “disappeared” because of the root rot. The remaining roots are full of disease, the reddening of the skin, and the loss of roots. Burning must be serious.

"Not only do Panax pseudoginseng, ginseng and other Chinese herbal medicines have continuous cropping obstacles, but they also show problems in soil-borne diseases and insect pests in melon crops, fruit trees, tobacco and other economic and field crops," said Cao Yucheng.

Soil-borne diseases are characterized by a wide range of hazards, large numbers of species, and difficult to control. There are more than 100 soil-borne diseases and pests found only in vegetables such as melons, solanes, and beans, and the invading pathogens include fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, nematodes, and underground pests.

Soil-transmitted diseases and pests in China generally reduce production by 20% to 40%, and serious reductions of production exceed 60% or even no harvest. In order to control the reduction in production, farmers used fertilizers unreasonably, and their soil conditions deteriorated. “As a result of the lack of effective prevention and control technologies, farmers often use chemical pesticides to prevent and control soil pests and diseases. This not only pollutes the soil, but also easily causes excessive pesticide residue and groundwater pollution. In Weifang 'Poison Ginger' in Weifang in 2012 and Qingdao 'Poisonous Chives' in 2014, etc. This is caused by farmers using illegal pesticides to wipe out the roots, although this is only an extreme case, but among the 80 million mu of vegetable greenhouses in the country, 30 million mu are affected by insect disasters, and 85% are harmed by soil-borne diseases. It has become a problem for farmers, especially big farmers."

Seed treatment into prevention and control

Introducing and regulating seedlings is one of the main reasons for the spread and spread of soil pests and diseases. Cotton wilt and verticillium wilt have become the main soil-borne diseases of cotton in China. The sources of the two diseases were introduced from foreign countries. Safeguarding seed health is the first step in preventing and controlling soil pests and diseases.

According to experts, at present, the amount of agricultural seeds in China is about 15 billion kilograms, and the planting area of ​​various crops using seed coating agents is less than 50%. From a global perspective, seed coating agents are in a period of rapid growth. Global seed coating sales amounted to 2.287 billion U.S. dollars in 2012 and is still growing at an annual growth rate of more than 10%.

In China, the crops that use the most seed coating agents are corn and wheat. According to statistics, currently more than 40% of the registered crops in the domestic market are corn, about 27% are wheat, about 17% are cotton, and only 11% are used for rice.

Professor Liu Xili from China Agricultural University stated that seed treatment technology plays an important role in the control of soil diseases such as fungi and oomycetes. Bacteria, viruses, and other diseases are currently difficult to kill by chemical methods. Prevention and control of these diseases must be carried out in the process of seed propagation.

After years of development, seed treatment technology has performed well in soil pest control applications. Henan Zhongzhou Seed Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. won the second prize for national science and technology progress, and has many years of experience in seed coating production. Zhao Xiaoqun, manager of the company, introduced that in recent years, soil-borne diseases such as full-bleeding disease of wheat were frequently used, and 0.8% of myclobutanol was used. Oxazole alcohol suspension seed coating agent can solve the problem of sheath blight and powdery mildew at the same time of preventing and curing wheat whole rot disease. It can be used when adding carbofuran, and it can also prevent and control underground pests.

Rice seed coating agents have gradually received attention. The main control objects are bakanae disease and blight, and there are few registrations for pest control. This will be an opportunity for the seed coating market. In addition, the adjustment of the planting structure caused large changes in the types and severity of soil pests and diseases. The main grain of potato has become more difficult to control potato late blight. As the area of ​​corn shrinks and the area of ​​soybeans increases, the prevention of soybean diseases must also be strengthened. The promotion of the above-mentioned seed coating agents has great market potential.

Fertilizer management has new ideas

For diseases and insect pests that are more harmful, only seed treatment is not enough, and a comprehensive pest and disease management plan should be formulated according to climate and crop varieties.

Taking the case of pepper blight as an example, the pathogen is Phytophthora capsici. It spreads with soil and seeds and is prone to occur under high humidity conditions. Before planting peppers abroad, it is often necessary to clear the gardens to eliminate the diseased bodies, adopt a high ridging mode to reduce the humidity in the fields, and avoid the secondary infestation of rain splashes by interlaminar membranes.

For late blight of potato, it is prone to onset at budding stage, early flowering stage, and before the onset of the rainy season. Precautionary medications need to be applied in advance, and stems and leaves must be sprayed before rain and during the rainy season. According to Liu Xili, at present, metalaxyl, dimethomorph, flumorpholine, cymoxanil, silverfali, and rifampicin are commercially available to control potato late blight.

In the chemical control centered solution, we must fully consider the properties of the drug. For example, in the fresh-keeping treatment and the treatment of seed potatoes, it is often desirable to kill a variety of diseases and insect pests at the same time, so a broad-spectrum agent should be used. In the case of prevention and treatment after onset of illness, agents with strong systemic absorption, such as racynacylammonium should be used.

The promotion of water and fertilizer integration technology provides new ideas for the prevention and control of soil pests and diseases. The drug and fertilizer integration technology keeps the soil in continuous protection. At present, commonly used methods such as soil irrigation, furrow application, and acupoint application, etc., use a large amount of medicine and have a short application time, and can only work in a short time. With the development of drip irrigation technology, there will be medicine and fertilizer coverage where the roots of the seedlings extend, and the dosage will be reduced, and long-term protection will be achieved. According to reports, tomatoes are planted in southern Israel all year round, but soil-borne pests and diseases are controlled very well. It is through drip irrigation that the seedlings are protected.

Treating irrigation water can also effectively reduce the amount of soil pests and diseases. Cao Yucheng introduced that the use of coarse sand, fine sand, and zeolite for reprocessing farmland irrigation water at the California Institute of Technology can effectively reduce pests and pathogens and prevent soil pests and diseases. Not only that, after treatment and reuse, fertilizer management costs have decreased by two-thirds.

Soilless cultivation is also one of the methods for controlling soil pests and diseases. According to reports, in the past, soilless cultivation often used perlite, vermiculite, and other materials. In recent years, materials have made breakthroughs, and glass bead and other materials have become cleaner and can be reused. After the glass beads are placed in the water-fertilizer solution, the beads absorb the fertilizer. After the vegetables are grown, the glass beads can be reused for cleaning. Cao Yucheng believes that there are fewer and fewer lands and soilless cultivation will be the trend in the future. In Hawaii, USA, soilless methods are used to control ginger borer. Leeks are easy to grow and can be solved by soilless culture. However, the technical requirements are relatively high. There are demonstration parks in Beijing and other places, which have not yet been widely used.

Disinfection can dissolve soil ills

In the land that has been suffering from severe diseases and diseases for a long time, chemical control and agricultural cultivation can no longer effectively solve the problem. Soil disinfection has become the ultimate rescuer. Cao Yucheng said that soil disinfection has the effect of efficiently and stably killing fungi, bacteria, and underground pests, and is a better method for overcoming severe paralysis.

In the chemical disinfection method, fumigants represented by methyl bromide have been widely used, but as methyl bromide is banned, alternative pharmaceuticals such as chloropicrin, horseradish, and cotton are gradually occupying the market. "At present, strawberry cultivation in foreign countries, the main method of soil disinfection is chemical disinfection based on chloropicrin." The only chloropicrin manufacturer in China, deputy general manager of Dalian Green Peak Chemical Co., Ltd. Cheng Li introduced the suitable soil depth of chloropicrin soil disinfection 15 ~ 25 cm, the suitable temperature of 15 ~ 25 °C. For spring and winter application, the soil temperature should be at least 12°C and avoid operating at extreme temperatures (below 10°C or above 30°C).

In addition to chemical disinfection technologies, some new methods are in the research, testing, and promotion stages.

Solar bio-fumigation technology is a breakthrough technology. Combine plant residues with chicken manure and cow dung into the ground and spin till it can produce sulphide, aldehydes and amines in the summer. It can fumigate and enhance soil fertility. Spain, Italy, etc. are promoting this technology.

Anaerobic disinfection technology is widely used in Japan and the United States. The alcohol is applied to the soil and covered with a special plastic sheet with good airtightness to keep it closed and sterilized in an anaerobic environment.

Steam sterilization is the use of temperature changes to kill pests and diseases. C. elegans can be killed at 50°C for 30 minutes, and the fungus basically kills at 60°C for 30 minutes. At 70°C for 30 minutes, bacteria and weeds are also killed.

Some biological agents are also used to control soil pests and diseases, such as Trichoderma harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and the like.

Developed countries have already formed professional soil disinfection service companies or organizations, and there are not many companies in China currently engaged in this industry. Cao Yucheng believes that specialized soil disinfection services are used by qualified personnel to ensure the effectiveness and safety of use.

According to reports, among the top 20 pesticides used in the United States, 10 are less toxic natural substances, 6 are fumigants, and 4 are herbicides. In China, the top 20 pesticides used were 10 pesticides, 5 fungicides, and 5 herbicides. China has more than 3.8 million hectares of protected areas and less than 1% of soil disinfection. Professional soil disinfection products and services have a long way to go and there are unlimited business opportunities.

Nematode control needs to be multi-pronged

With the exposure of “toxic ginger” and other incidents, nematode diseases have entered the public's field of vision. There is no doubt that nematodes are currently a problem in the control of soil pests and diseases.

According to incomplete statistics, experts on nematode prevention and control, Professor Peng Deliang of the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, said that nematode disease caused an annual loss of 10% to 15% of the annual output of various crops in China, and the amount was as high as 70 billion yuan. The annual loss of root knot nematodes of vegetables exceeds 50 billion yuan, and the protected areas are seriously damaged or destroyed; the area of ​​wheat cyst nematode damage exceeds 60 million mu, the reduction of production is 5 million tons, and the economic loss is 10 billion yuan; potato stem worms have become The devastating diseases of northern potatoes and sweet potatoes threaten the safety of the potato industry.

With strong survivability, low temperature resistance, high temperature resistance, and extensive hosts, the characteristics of nematode diseases determine that control is very difficult and prevention is particularly important. Nematodes like alkaline, breathable, and permeable soils, and the saline-alkali nematode is a serious hazard.

There are many ways to spread nematodes, and seeds, soil, agricultural machinery, and water can be transmitted. At present, the operation of cross-regional combine harvesters is widespread, which intensifies the spread of pests and diseases to some extent. Peng Deliang suggested that disinfection should be carried out before cross-regional introduction or operation.

Root-knot nematode is a common nematode disease in current production, and it is one of the major pathogens of food crops, vegetables and other economic crops. Ginger disease is a compound infestation of root-knot nematodes and bacteria, and is commonly infected by root-knot nematodes on bananas and peppers. After the onset of root-knot nematodes, the shoots of plants showed yellowing, dwarfing, chlorosis, curling, malformation, abnormal color, and premature aging. The plants were short and the whole plant died. Underground root damage often shows root clusters, enlargement, root formation of roots throughout the roots, decay of root tubers, browning of roots, and short and thick roots.

At present, the symptomatic drugs for controlling nematodes in production are mainly thiazophosphonium, abamectin, etc., but vegetable root knot nematodes in some places have developed resistance to the above-mentioned agents. For a long time to come, chemical control will be the main method for the prevention and control of soil nematodes, and there is a broad market for the development of low toxicity and nematicide.

In addition, nematode symptoms and yellowing, dwarfing and other symptoms of lack of water and water scarcity, control root-knot nematodes, we must first have a clear understanding of the type of disease. Peng Deliang's research group developed a light-simplified LAMP rapid detection technique for wheat cyst nematode, which can be judged visually within 1 hour of a water bath at 65°C, and the sensitivity can reach 1/200000 nematodes, and is suitable for use in primary agricultural technical departments and fields.

Peng Deliang said that prevention and control of nematodiasis needs multi-pronged approach. The seed seedling test is the basis. Many root-knot nematodes should be strengthened with seedlings to carry seedlings, seed transportation and entry quarantine; the cultivation of disease-free strong seedlings is the key, seed selection, the use of wireless pest soil and substrate seedlings, to achieve Strong seedlings effect; soil cleanliness and health is the key, physical, chemical, biological and agricultural measures to deal with the soil; seize the key period, before sowing and before transplanting 3 to 5 days before the application of pesticides, reduce the source of initial infection, with the late growth of the drug irrigation Root, ultimately controlling the disease.

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