During the operation of the industrial circulating cooling water system, the circulating water is continuously concentrated due to evaporation of water, wind loss, etc., and the salt contained in it exceeds the standard, the anion and cation increase, the pH value changes significantly, and the water quality deteriorates, while the circulating water Temperature, pH and nutrients are good for microbial growth, and adequate sunlight on the cooling tower is ideal for algae growth. And scale control and corrosion control, microbial control, etc., inevitably require circulating water treatment. The main problems in the operation of circulating water: (1) Scale: Since the circulating water continuously evaporates during the cooling process, the salt concentration in the water is continuously increased, and the solubility exceeds the solubility of some salts. Commonly used are calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium silicate and other scales. The texture of the scale is relatively dense, which greatly reduces the heat transfer efficiency. The 0.6 mm scale thickness reduces the heat transfer coefficient by 20%. (2) Dirt: The dirt is mainly composed of organic matter, microbial colonies and secretions, sediment, dust, etc. in the water. The texture of the scale is soft, which not only reduces the heat transfer efficiency but also causes corrosion under the scale and shortens the service life of the equipment. (3) Corrosion: Corrosion of circulating water to heat exchange equipment, mainly galvanic corrosion, caused by equipment manufacturing defects, sufficient oxygen in water, corrosive ions in water (Cl-, Fe2+, Cu2+) and mucus secreted by microorganisms The resulting fouling and other factors, the consequences of corrosion is very serious, without control for a very short time even if the heat exchanger, water pipeline equipment is scrapped. (4) Microbial slime: Because the circulating water is rich in oxygen, suitable temperature and rich conditions, it is suitable for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. If not controlled in time, it will quickly lead to deterioration of water quality, odor and blackening, and a large number of cooling towers. The fouling deposits and even blocks, the cooling and cooling effect is greatly reduced, and the equipment corrosion is intensified. Therefore, circulating water treatment must control the reproduction of microorganisms. Microbial hazard Microorganisms in circulating cooling water come from two sources. First, the cooling tower needs to introduce a large amount of air during the evaporation of water, and the microorganisms are also brought into the cooling water with the air. Second, the supplementary water of the cooling water system has more or less microorganisms, and these microorganisms also enter the cooling water with the supplementary water. In the system. Under the irradiation of sunlight, algae will cooperate with carbon sources such as carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in water, and absorb carbon as nutrients to release oxygen. Therefore, when algae multiply, it will increase the dissolved oxygen content in water, which is beneficial to oxygen. The depolarization process, the corrosion process is thus accelerated. The large-scale reproduction of microorganisms in the circulating water system will make the color of the circulating water black, causing foul odor and polluting the environment. At the same time, a large amount of slime is formed to reduce the cooling efficiency of the cooling tower, and the wood deteriorates and rots. The slime is deposited in the heat exchanger, which reduces the heat transfer efficiency and the head loss. The slime deposited on the metal surface will cause serious scale corrosion, and it also isolates the effect of the corrosion and scale inhibitor on the metal. The agent can not exert its proper corrosion and scale inhibition performance. In addition to accelerating the corrosion under the scale, some microorganisms in the process of metabolism, biological secretions will directly corrode the metal. All these problems lead to the inability of the circulating water system to operate safely for a long time, affecting production and causing serious economic losses. Therefore, the harm of microorganisms is the same as the damage of scale and corrosion to the cooling water system. It can even be said that the three are controlled. The hazards of microorganisms are paramount. The movement of microorganisms in circulating water can be measured by the following chemical analysis items: (1) Residual chlorine (free chlorine) When chlorination is sterilized, attention should be paid to the time of residual chlorine and the amount of residual chlorine. Because the microbial growth is serious, the chlorine consumption in the circulating water will be greatly increased. (2) Ammonia circulating water generally does not contain ammonia, but due to leakage of process medium or inhalation of ammonia in the air, it will also cause ammonia in the water. At this time, it should not be taken lightly. In addition to actively searching for the leakage point of ammonia, it is also necessary to pay attention to whether the water is in use. Containing nitrite, the ammonia content in the water is preferably controlled below 10 mg/l. (3) NO2- When ammonia and nitrite are present in the water, it is said that the nitrite bacteria in the water convert ammonia into nitrite. At this time, the chlorine in the circulating water system will become very difficult, and the chlorine consumption will increase. The residual chlorine is difficult to reach the index, and the NO2-content in the water is controlled to be less than 1 mg/l. (4) Chemical oxygen demand The microbial growth in water will increase COD, because the mucus secreted by bacteria increases the organic matter content in the water. Therefore, by analyzing the chemical oxygen demand, the trend of microbial changes in water can be observed. Under normal conditions, the water CODzui is preferably less than 5 mg/l (KMnO4 method). The harm caused by microorganisms in circulating water is very serious. If you take measures after the microbes cause harm, it is often a lot of work and a lot of biocide and money. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively monitor the microbial condition of circulating cooling water in advance. Concentrated water multiple The circulating water concentration factor refers to the rate at which the circulating water continuously concentrates due to evaporation of water, wind loss, etc. during the operation of the circulating water system (compared with supplementary water). It is an important measure of the quality of water quality control. Comprehensive indicators. The concentration ratio is low, the water consumption and the amount of sewage are large, and the efficiency of the water treatment agent is not fully exerted; the high concentration factor can reduce the water amount and save the water treatment cost; however, if the concentration multiple is too high, the water scaling tendency will increase. The difficulty of scaling control and corrosion control will increase, the water treatment agent will fail, which is not conducive to the control of microorganisms, so the concentration of circulating water should have a reasonable control index. Scale formation In circulating water systems, scale is formed by supersaturated water-soluble components, and various salts such as hydrogencarbonate, carbonate, chloride, silicate, etc. are dissolved in water, in which dissolved hydrogen carbonate is dissolved. Salts such as Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 are the most unstable and easily decompose to form carbonates. Therefore, when there are more bicarbonate dissolved in the cooling water, the water flows through the surface of the heat exchanger, especially at higher temperatures. The surface will be decomposed by heat; when phosphate and calcium ions are dissolved in water, calcium phosphate will also precipitate; calcium carbonate and Ca3(PO4)2 are inferior in solubility and general salt, and their solubility is not It increases with increasing temperature, but decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore, on the heat transfer surface of the heat exchanger, these poorly soluble salts easily reach supersaturation and crystallize in water, especially when the water flow rate is small or the heat transfer surface is rough, these crystal precipitates are deposited on the heat transfer surface. It forms what is commonly called scale. Since these scales are dense and hard, they are also called hard scale. The common scale components are: calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, magnesium salt, silicate. Circulating water treatment technology According to the characteristics and technological conditions of the enterprise circulating water system, combined with the local water quality characteristics, select the water treatment plan suitable for the operating conditions of the enterprise, and control the circulating water index to operate within a certain range through the measures such as dosing, not only ensuring the long cycle of the production equipment. Operation, which improves the utilization of circulating water. The use of circulating water treatment technology can not only bring significant economic benefits to enterprises, but also bring good social benefits to the society. Therefore, the application of circulating water treatment technology is very necessary.
Sports nutrition is the [magic ingredient", which can be a make-or-break factor in their success, for all competitive athletes or others dedicated to their training program. Sports nutrition supplements will always yield better results when used by those who have established a solid nutritional foundation.
Sports nutrition regimen is invaluable to the athlete, as it will support everything an athlete needs: strength, agility, endurance, mental sharpness, and a positive state-of-mind.
Sports Nutrition Supplements,Sports Nutrition Products,Natural Sports Nutrition,Sports Nutrition Protein SINOCHEM PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD , https://www.sinochemnutrition.com