Kidney bean is an annual herb of Leguminosae. It is cultivated in all parts of the country, and it is one of the main vegetables in spring, summer and autumn. It plays an important role in the annual supply of vegetables.
Kidney beans are hi and warm, strong in heat resistance, not resistant to low temperatures, and vulnerable to frost. They are mainly cultivated in spring greenhouses, and in spring, summer and autumn. The main cultivation techniques are as follows:
Spring cowpea cultivation techniques cowpea high temperature hi light, more resistant to drought. There are two types of kidney beans: long vines and short vines. The long pods of pods are tender, the meat is hypertrophic, the growth period is long, the yield is high, and the scaffolds are required; the vines with short vines are more branched, the collaterals are shorter, the scaffolds are not needed, and the yield is medium.
1. There are many types of cowpea varieties with good varieties, and appropriate varieties should be selected according to climatic conditions, cultivation habits, planting seasons, and market requirements. The main varieties cultivated in the spring are phoenix 豇 555, 豇 特 早 30 、 30, 豇 绿 、 、, 豇 豇 90, 豇 豇 豇 80 80, 早 60 60, etc.
2. Sowing seedlings Spring cowpeas are generally transplanted with seedlings. Not only can they inhibit vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth, but also early sowing, early harvesting, and prolonged harvest time.
2.1 sowing time greenhouse cultivation sowing period is in late February, a small arch shed in early March, open cultivation and nursery in late March, live in mid-April. Use 2.5 kg per acre.
2.2 Cultivation facilities for nutrition, seedling, and seedling cultivation The seedlings can be sowed in advance with appropriate nutrition, and 4 parts of fully-composed organic fertilizer and 6 parts of vegetable garden soil are used. After being fully mixed and sifted, they are loaded into a nutrition bowl with an entrance diameter of 6 cm and a height of 8 cm. And neatly and neatly placed in a leveling seedbed. Soak the nutrient pods before sowing. After the water is soaked, soak 2 seeds per pod, then cover the nutrient soil 3 cm thick.
2.3 Weak root regeneration of jujube beans is weak, and we use live broadcast for cultivation. When sown in open field, the seeds are sown when the temperature rises above 20°C to increase the germination rate. When live, they are usually planted at a spacing of 25-30 cm by 65 cm, planted at a depth of 4-6 cm, with 3000-4000 holes per acre, 3-4 seeds per hole, and weak, small and diseased seedlings after emergence. Cave stay 2-3 strains. After sowing in early spring, it should be covered with plastic film and a small shed. Generally, it can emerge in 4 days. Before the emergence of the temperature should be maintained 30-35 °C, water should not be too much to prevent the seeds rot. Immediately after emergence, the mulch film was removed, and the proper temperature was controlled at 25-30°C to keep the soil moist. 4 to 5 days before colonization, hardening the seedlings to enhance stress resistance. Seedbeds should not only prevent the soil from being excessive, but should not be overly watered, but should also prevent the seedbed from accumulating water.
3. Soil Selection Cowpeas are not strict with soil requirements, but in order to obtain high yields, sandy-loam soils that are slightly acidic and have not been cultivated for two years should be selected for planting. If the soil acidity is too high, the soil should be evenly spread on the surface after building. Apply lime to neutralize acidity. Plow the soil about 25 centimeters and build a trench to open the deep trenches to facilitate the reduction of stains.
4. The colonization period for planting cowpea should be determined according to the cultivation methods and reproductive indicators. Transplanting with seedlings is usually carried out on the first pair of true leaves before the opening of a hole to plant colonization, pouring water after planting, filling the planting hole.
5, field management
5.1 Fertilizer Water Management The principle of management of cowpea fertilizer and water is to prevent stems and leaves from becoming prolonged in the early stages and prevent premature aging in later stages. Generally, 2000 kg per hectare of composted organic fertilizer is used as basal fertilizer; 2 fertilizers are applied at the seedling stage, and 2.5 kg of urea is applied per acre; 3 times of top dressing is applied during flowering and pod dressing; 25% of NPK total amount per acre is applied. Compound fertilizer 10-12 kg. Seedlings should be properly controlled water, prevent stems and leaves to grow and reduce inflorescences; flowering and waterlogging period, more water, about 7 days to pour water, harvesting period combined with water chase fertilizer materials. Growing cowpeas throughout the summer, flowering and podging period, should pay attention to late dressing, to prevent premature degeneration of plant dehydration, the rain should be ruled out during the entire field, so as to avoid rot, fall leaves, falling flowers.
5.2 Suspension of vines The pods of pod beans are rapidly growing. When there are 5-6 leaves, scaffolds should be used. Generally, herringbone frames are used to reduce shading and facilitate harvesting. In the early period, the stem vines were not able to be entangled, and they were selected to manually support the vines on dew or cloudy days to prevent breakage.
5.3 Pruning Reasonable pruning is the main measure for high cowpea production. The lateral branches below the first inflorescence are removed as long as 3 cm to ensure that the main stem is robust; the lateral branches above the first inflorescence remain 1-2 leaves topping; when the main vine spreads to the roof, the top is picked to control the growth and promote the lower part. Lateral branches form flower buds.
5.4 Disease and Pest Control The main diseases of cowpea include rust, leaf spot, and root rot; insect pests include pods, leaf miners, and fleas. Close attention should be paid to pests and diseases, and comprehensive control techniques should be adopted: (1) Selection of disease-resistant varieties; (2) Choose the plots that have not been planted with leguminous crops for more than two years; (3) Remove the weeds in the surrounding fields and burn them in a centralized manner; pour in water for 1 week, or apply 0.5 kg of trichlorfon per acre or insecticide double 0.5 kg of carbendazim and 1 kg of carbendazim are used to sterilize the soil; (4) building sorghum, opening drainage and irrigation ditch to prevent water and rot from rooting; (5) adding organic fertilizer, reasonably top dressing, and NPK combined application; (6) Rational use of chemical pesticides. Triadimefon is used to prevent rust, thiophanate-methyl is used to control leaf spot, carbendazim, enemy xanthone, and bactericide are used to prevent root rot; underground pests such as tigers are controlled, and in addition to soil treatment, fried bran can also be used. The mixed trichlorfon was applied in the field around the evening to trap and kill, with the insecticidal double, anti-Taibao to control the soybean meal, and Lethburn and phoxim to control the leaf miner.
5.4.1 Prevention and control of rust Cowpea rust is the most serious disease of cowpea. It often causes damage in summer and autumn and rainy seasons. In serious cases, the yield loss reaches about 50%.
Symptoms mainly affect the leaves, petioles, stalks and pods sometimes also develop. In the early stage, many small yellow-white spots were formed on the back of the leaves, and the micro-uplifts expanded into red-brown sores, which was called the uredia spores heap. With a halo, a reddish-brown powder is scattered after the plaque has ruptured, and a green spot appears on the front of the leaf at the lesion. The urediaspores of the veins and stems are strips or subrounded. Late-stage plant growth produces black sores in the diseased area, which is a teliospore heap containing black powder.
Prevention and control methods 1 Strengthen cultivation and management to implement crop rotation, reasonable layout, isolation of spring and autumn cowpea, tightening varieties and sowing date, so that the harvest season to avoid the rainy season, after the harvest clean gardens and other measures, can reduce the incidence.
2 In the early stage of the disease prevention and control, the following agents are sprayed: 25% Triadimefon 2000-3000 times, 50% Versatrol EC 800-1000 times, 2.5% enemy demulsifier 4000 times, 50% Carbendazim Wet powder 500 times, 40% rivasone ketone wettable powder 4000 times, 50% sulfur suspension 200-300 times. The spray is usually sprayed for 7-10 days, in which the dosage of triadimefon, amizodone, and enemy force is delayed to 15 days.
5.4.2 The main roots of cowpea root rot and the stem below the surface are the main parts of the victim. The disease is a kind of soil-borne disease, with high temperature and high humidity prone to occur, and it is often planted with heavy rainfall in autumn and poor drainage, low-viscosity weight, and continuous cropping.
Control methods: 1. Plots with severe disease should be carried out for 3-4 years with onions and garlic vegetables and camphor trees. 2. The cultivation of sorghum or narrow furrows is conducted. Drainage is often done to clear the ditch, and the humidity is reduced. The diseased plant residues are removed in time and burned or buried deeply. 3. Chemical control. In the field of sporadic onset of drug use, there are two methods of spraying the root and spray the drug solution, the drug can use carbendazim, anti-mildew Po WP, thiophanate-tablet, anti-humenic and so on. Irrigation of the liquid concentration can be slightly increased, each pouring liquid 250 grams, every 7-10 days 1 time, poured 4-5 times; spraying the liquid according to the conventional ratio of water, spraying the base of the stem, Spray it three times in a row every 7-10 days.
5.4.3 Cowpea Mycoplasma began to occur after the true leaves of the kidney bean were introduced. The disease was most severe before harvest, and the main damage to the leaves caused defoliation. High temperature and high humidity are suitable for onset, and hot rain is more serious.
Control to avoid sowing too dense, in order to facilitate ventilation and light fields; timely removal of diseased leaves in the field, reduce the re-infection of bacteria; early stage of the use of pesticide spray, control of infection, the agent can use chlorothalonil wettable powder (75% content 600 times liquid), carbendazim (40% gel suspension 800 times) and so on.
5.4.4 Cowpea Virus Disease Heavily affected by autumn cowpea. At the beginning of the diseased plant, yellow-green variegated spots were formed on the leaves. Afterwards, the thick green parts gradually appeared scalloped and the leaves were deformed; the severe diseased plants had slow growth, short stature, and less flowering and scarring. The prevention and control of the disease is mainly based on the early eradication of fleas, especially in drought years, and more attention should be paid to flood prevention; in addition, cultivation and management should be strengthened to increase plant resistance to disease.
5.4.5 Cowpea larvae and bean pods Diamond worms, also known as pods, are the main pests of cowpea. 4-5 generations occur every year. In addition to the prevention and control of the timely removal of flowering and falling crops in the field, removal of the wounded leaves and concentrated burning of soybean meal, the main use of chemical control. The strategy of chemical control is to "treat flowers without treatment", that is, the first application of cowpea in the initial flowering period, after 7-10 days interval, 2-3 times in a row. The spraying time is better when the petal is opened before 8 o'clock in the morning. At this time, the parasites can fully contact the liquid; the pesticides can be used in the form of pyrethroids and their compound preparations, such as the enemy killing, rapid extinguishment, killing, etc. If medication is applied after harvesting, it must be sprayed after picking, prohibiting pre-harvest spraying and avoiding poisoning.
Soybean meal threatens soybeans and also harms cowpeas. It is often associated with cowpea borers. This worm also eats pods from larvae, drills beans, and the pods are filled with insect waste, resulting in pods and rot. Prevention and treatment of borers can be treated concurrently.
5.4.6 Brown spot of cowpea
1, the characteristics of the occurrence of early planting dense planting, poor ventilation, partial nitrogen fertilizer, continuous disease incidence.
2, prevention and treatment of 1 increase in phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, improve plant resistance to disease.
2 Remove the diseased body in time and concentrate it deeply or burn it. After the rain, drain the drains in time.
3 At the beginning of the disease, spraying 57.6% of the dry liquid granules of the crown bacterium 1000 times or 75% of the chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times every 7-10 days for 2 to 3 consecutive times.
5.4.7 Cowpea Mycoplasma mainly damages the leaves, stems and pods can also be harmed. Initially, purple spots were produced on both sides of the leaves, and they later expanded into light brown and near-circular lesions. The surface had dense layers of coal-like mold and the backs of leaves were more than the front. In severe cases, the diseased leaves are dry and fall early. The last plant leaves only a few young leaves at the top.
Control methods:
1. Strengthen cultivation and management, ensure close planting, ensure good conditions for ventilation and light transmission in the field, and rational fertilization, pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and trace fertilizers, increase the resistance to disease, remove diseased leaves in time, and reduce the amount of bacteria ;
2, timely application of pesticide control, spraying pesticide control at the beginning of the disease. About 10 days, spray 2-3 times. 70% thiophanate-methyl WP wettable powder 1000x liquid + new high fat film 800x liquid, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600x liquid + new high fat film 800x liquid, 40% chlorhexidine gel suspension 800 times liquid + 800 times the new high-fat film, 40% WP WP 1000 times + 800 times the new high-fat film.
5.5 Reasonably harvested cowpeas are racemes. Each inflorescence has 2–5 pairs of flowers, usually only one pair of pods, with sufficient fertilizer and water, good management, and when all the flowers grow well, all flowers can be scarred. After the first soybean pod is harvested, the second pair of flower buds is set or fruited. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully harvest and not to injure or knock off the flower buds on the inflorescence to increase the number of pods and increase the yield. 10-12 days after flowering, the pods are full and the seeds can be harvested when they are not apparent. After harvesting, tie it up according to certain specifications, packing and listing.
Autumn cowpea cultivation techniques
1.1 Precise soil preparation Because the cowpea is afraid of soiling, it is appropriate to choose a fertile loam or sandy loam soil with high topography and convenient drainage and irrigation. Deep plowing, soil preparation, open drainage irrigation ditch. In particular, the cultivation of live film cover should pay attention to the formation of ridges without ridges, making the ridge width 80-90 cm, ridge height 10-15 cm, sowing the ridge after the levitation, cover mulch film to cover the level of compaction , Windproof, anti-grass, moisturizing, warming. It can also be sown openly.
1.2 Apply base fertilizer and increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
According to the level of fertilizer required by cowpea, the basic fertilizer should be applied with enough phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and suitable for nitrogen fertilizer. Generally, 5000 kg of organic fertilizer, 15 kg of urea, 50 kg of superphosphate, 25 kg of potassium chloride, or 45% of NPK compound fertilizer per 667 kg of organic fertilizer. 75 kilograms will benefit the nutrient accumulation and operation of cowpea.
1.3 suitable cultivation density.
Planting density is one of the important factors that make up a group's yield, which varies according to breed and environmental conditions. The growth potential is strong, the branches are medium, and the main vines are scab. Therefore, the cultivation density should be moderate. Different seasons and conditions of fertilizer and water density are also different. V. quinquefolius are generally denser than spring pods, and plots with poor fertility and water conditions must be denser. General spacing 60-70 cm, hole spacing 23-25 ​​cm, leaving 3 seedlings per hole. Generally use size lines, width 2 meters wide.
1.4 Cultivate strong seedlings to ensure full seedlings.
1.4.1 The film shall be seeded and filmed in a timely manner in case of live film mulching and the seedling holes shall be sealed and sealed. Spring mulching 3-5 days after the general broadcast of the cultivation of the unearthed seedlings, seedlings in the field before the broadcast of small seedlings for seedlings, after sowing should be checked in time, found that has been unearthed, we must promptly draw film seedlings, and use the soil to the cited Seedlings sealed. Late seedling emergence, weak seedlings and easy to cause cotyledon rot, or even due to excessive temperature under the film sprouting buds, resulting in lack of seedlings. The strict introduction of seedlings is not conducive to raising the temperature, preventing grass and wind. Checking the seedlings should be carried out in the morning and next to the night. And make up for lack of seedlings.
1.4.2 Spring early-maturing cultivation can use nutrients to protect roots. Pre-planting seedbeds and nutrient pods should be irrigated with water, and about 4-5 seeds should be sown in each pod. Cover soil should not be too shallow, generally about 2 cm, to prevent the radicle out of the ground and wearing a cap before emergence, keep the seedbed at 25-30 °C during the day, not less than 15 °C at night. After the emergence of the true leaves to the newborn period is easy Actually grow into a tall planted seedling. Therefore, after the emergence of seedlings or soil conservation in time, due to drought wearing a cap to spray some water, to help off the cap. At the same time, the temperature control during the day 18-20 °C, the minimum night temperature can be reduced to 10 °C; after birth, Zhengye Zhanping maintains a temperature of around 25°C during the day, a minimum temperature of 10-12°C at night, and covers the insulation layer. Because the ground temperature during early planting is low, the seedlings are generally grown 5-7 days before planting, and the corresponding low-temperature seedlings are grown according to the cultivation facilities. Planted in a small shed, it is necessary to exercise for a short time during the day to remove the film and cover the film in the evening; planting in the open ground should be exercised until the day and night. In short, the environmental conditions of the seedlings at the time of colonization are basically consistent with the environmental conditions after the colonization, so as to enhance the adaptability of the seedlings to the environmental conditions after the colonization.
1.5 Use high-shelf materials and introduce vines in time.
Kidney beans grow vigorously, and the plants can reach more than 3 meters. Therefore, at least 2 meters high is required. Shelf adopts herringbone shape for favorable ventilation and light transmission. After the plants have been pumped, they must be counterclockwise and vines should be placed in a timely manner. Once in 4-5 days, it usually takes about 3 times.
1.6 Scientific fertilizer management.
According to the different growth stages of cowpea, scientific fertilizer and water management. The root system of cowpea is well-developed. Before flowering and scabbing, the root system is quite developed. If the water is abundant, it is prone to overgrowth. The internodes are elongated and affect flowering. Especially early-maturing cultivation, high density, but also to prevent flower bud differentiation due to leggy, so that increased inflorescence nodes, affecting early production. Therefore, before the flowering and poding of cowpea, the management of fertilizer and water must master the principle of “control”. After planting or after live excavation and before pumping vines, it is necessary to use cultivators to control irrigated soil, control irrigation, loosen the topsoil through cultivator, increase ground temperature, and promote rooting. After easing the seedlings, protect the crops. The pre-emergence cultivating soil is shallow, and the first cultivator can enter the vine-cultivation stage. High-medium soil can bury the hypocotyl. If the soil in the seedling stage is too arid, small water should be poured and cultivating in time to prevent the primary leaves from turning yellow. Can also be used 500 times foliar, 1000 times the elimination of liquid, 1000 times the disease plant spirit, mixed liquid spray, can prevent despatch, disease prevention, dwarfing plants, enhance the role of nutrition. Through the 'control' management before seedling stage, the plants can be robust, the leaves are dark and thick, and the pitch is short, forming flower buds early. It is beneficial to early maturing to increase early production. After entering the ranch period, the plants grew rapidly and combined with a big fertilizer water. Flowering and podling period is the period when the growth and nutrient growth of kidney bean grow vigorously. After the first inflorescence is immersed, pour one waft and combine with watering to topdress. After entering the flood season, apply fertilizer once every 4-5 days. Mainly nitrogen and potassium. Recover nitrogen and potassium fertilizers 5-7 days before harvesting to promote flowering. At the same time in the fight drugs plus foliar spray.
1.7 timely harvest.
According to market demand timely harvest. The harvest season should be harvested once a day. Keep flowers when harvesting. There are 2-6 pairs of flower buds in each inflorescence of cowpea. The rate of pods is high, 2-4 pods can be knotted, and sometimes 6 pods can be found. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the protection of flowers on the same flower when harvesting. Do not pick and pull by hand. Damage to the flowers of the inflorescences, even pulling off the entire inflorescence flowering site, has a great impact on yield.
1.8 Early control of pests and diseases.

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