Ganoderma lucidum (Ganodermalucidum) has been known as the immortal grass. It has been used as a fairy herb for many diseases since ancient times. It has been used for hundreds of years without failure, and history has proved that it has extremely high medical value and nutritional value. The main active ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum include organic germanium (its content is 4-6 times that of ginseng), and dozens of biochemical components such as polysaccharides and polypeptides of ganoderma lucidum. With a calm, stomach, brain, detoxification, anti-inflammatory and other comprehensive effects.

The artificial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum in China began in 1960 and was successfully domesticated by Mr. Chen Meipeng, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Ganoderma lucidum cultivation has two kinds of material cultivation and section wood cultivation. Substituting cultivation is to use artificially prepared culture materials for bagging, put in the shed to cultivate Ganoderma lucidum fruit body, and section wood cultivation is to saw the tree material into a certain length of section wood to imitate wild cover soil to cultivate Ganoderma lucidum.

Because of the rich nutrients in the culture medium (nitrogen source can be added) and the medium is looser than wood, the growth of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia and fruit bodies is fast and the growth cycle is short. From inoculation to harvest, only 3 months, Ganoderma lucidum High yield, 100 kg dry material can produce dry Ganoderma lucidum 8 to 12 kilograms, but the texture of the body is relatively loose.

The growth rate of Ganoderma lucidum, mycelium and fruiting body in Duanmu imitation wild soil cultivation is two years or even three years from the end of inoculation to Changzhi. The yield of Ganoderma lucidum is low, but the Ganoderma lucidum texture is thick and glossy, and the content of Ganoderma lucidum acid is higher than that of substitute cultivation. height of. Ganoderma is also sold at a higher price.

First, cover soil bagging technology

The use of plastic greenhouses in northern regions to cover the soil with Ganoderma lucidum in the period from June to October will not only increase the economic benefits per unit area, but also meet the requirements of Ganoderma lucidum on ecological conditions. 100 kg of dried material can produce dry ganoderma lucidum 13- 15 kg, 40--50% higher than conventional bag planting, and the normal morphology of Ganoderma lucidum, cover diameter of 15-20 cm above, beautiful color, export pass rate of 90%. The cultivation method is as follows:

(a) Medium

1. 88% cottonseed husk, 10% bran, 1% gypsum powder and 1% sugar.

2. Wood chips 38%, cottonseed husk 50%, bran 10%, gypsum powder 1%, sugar 1%.

3. Corncob (corn kernel size) 50%, wood chips 29%, bran 20%, gypsum powder 1%.

(b) Bagging sterilization uses 15300.06 cm low pressure polyethylene or high pressure polypropylene plastic bags. According to the proportion of raw materials, add water, mix and stir for half an hour, and measure the moisture content of the hand by 60 to 65%. Avoid excessive or too little humidity in the culture material. Excessive moisture, due to lack of oxygen to inhibit the growth of mycelium. Too little water, hyphae grow weak and it is difficult to form fruit bodies. The bagging and elasticity should be moderate. Each bag contains 500 grams of dry material. The filled bags are sterilized by atmospheric pressure.

(3) Inoculation should be performed when the temperature of the inoculation germination bag falls below 30°C. Due to the fact that Ganoderma lucidum is cultivated using clinker, the inoculation work is relatively large. Inoculation is generally performed in the inoculation room. After the inoculation, the bacteria bag is placed on the culture rack and germs are formed. The culture rack was previously sterilized with a 0.2% concentration of carbendazim and a lime powder was sprinkled on the surface of the culture room to reduce contamination. The temperature is controlled at 24-28°C, and the relative humidity of the air is 60-65%. It is suitable for culture for 30 days in the dark, and the mycelium can be filled with bacteria bags.

(D) site preparation In order to create a good ecological environment for the growth of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum fungus bag will be transplanted into the plastic greenhouse cultivation. Covering the grass curtains above makes Ganoderma lucidum not only free from direct sunlight, but also meets the requirements for temperature, humidity, light and air. Before the bag is put into the shed, the cultivation site must be treated first. specific methods:

1 Do a ditch. Dig 100-120 centimeters wide and 30 centimeters deep in the north-south direction. The length is determined by the shed. The distance between the two pods is 40 centimeters for the aisle.

2 Sterilization. Use 0.2% carbendazim to spray the ground and shed walls, and sprinkle a layer of grass ash at the bottom of oysters to strictly control the sources of pollution. Build a shed. Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body optimum temperature for the growth of 27-29 °C, winter or early spring into the shed of the bag, in order to prevent the abnormal temperature due to low temperature or day and night there is a deformed shi, generally should build a small shed in a plastic shed, with good Moso bamboo pieces were inserted into the soil at the two ends and arched in the middle, covered with a plastic film, to make the temperature in the shed reach 25°C or more.

(5) Covering the earth with chiles to move the bacterial bags of good hyphae into a plastic greenhouse, disinfecting the bags with 1% potassium permanganate solution, and then cutting the bags with a blade, peeling off the film, and erecting it in the basket. 2-3 cm, filled with sandy loam in the cavity, after the entire pod is full, approximately 1 cm thick ash is sprinkled in the top of the bacterium bag, and about 2 cm thick sandy loam is covered in the ash. After covering the earth, water is added to the earthworms. Generally, 500 grams of compound fertilizer is added to 50 kilograms of water. This not only moisturizes, but also promotes the formation of fruit bodies by the kink.

The management of the bag after soil cover is mainly for moisturizing and aeration, and it is necessary to prevent direct sunlight. From June to October when planting in vegetable plastic greenhouses, all the plastic film around it should be lifted, and the ceiling should be shaded with straw curtains. Generally, the mycelium of the soil covering 7 to 10 days can be kinked to form the primordium. Two weeks later, the primordium gradually grows to the ground, and the primordium differentiates into a stipe in about 20 days. At this time, according to the density of the kiwifruit, some stalks may be properly removed to prevent the caps from squeezing each other. Affect quality. After two weeks of growth, the stipe grew out of the cap, and the color gradually changed from white to light yellow, and then deepened into a yellow-brown color. During this period, the air humidity should be kept between 85 and 95%, scattered light should be given, and the temperature inside the booth should be increased to about 29 to 30°C.

(6) Harvesting processing takes about 20 days from the formation of the caps to the harvest. When the color of the edges of the caps turns from white to red, and spores of coffee are faintly visible on the back of the caps, it indicates that the ganoderma is mature and can be harvested. After the first time, after the first harvest, the water was stopped for about 7 days to restore the mycelium growth and promote the formation of new bacterial buds. After 2 months, the second tide can be harvested.

Ganoderma lucidum after harvesting should be dried or dried in time, cut according to acquisition criteria, and sold in plastic bags. Ganoderma lucidum cultivated in a plastic greenhouse covered with soil, short and thick stipe, deep color, large cover, and very similar to wild Ganoderma lucidum, high value of goods.

In order to prevent insect infestation, Ganoderma lucidum after drying or drying must be fumigated to ensure the quality of the product. 0.5% of aluminum phosphide is generally placed in a sealed plastic shed filled with dried ganoderma lucidum, and is sealed for 24 hours after the completion of the combustion. The plastic shed is then opened and the toxic gas is sealed for 48 hours.

Second, greenhouse summer fungus

The use of a large area of ​​winter greenhouse vegetable greenhouse Ganoderma lucidum, biological efficiency reached 8.5 to 9.2%, and obtained higher benefits, the technology used is as follows:

(1) The selection of different varieties of Ganoderma lucidum strains has different growth and development characteristics. Therefore, different requirements of the ganoderma lucidum strains on the environmental conditions are also different. Only selecting suitable strains for greenhouse cultivation can achieve high quality and high yield. Practice has proved that Taishan Ganoderma lucidum and Korean Ganoderma lucidum are cultivated in large areas in greenhouses, showing a good adaptability.

(B) regulate the temperature Winter greenhouse vegetables is a special kind of environment, greenhouses have a good airtight, isolated from the outside air, sunlight through the greenhouse film into the shed into heat, it is not easy to be taken away by the outside air, late soil Medium heat energy supplements the temperature in the shed by long-wave radiation, so the temperature inside the shed is higher than outside the shed. Ganoderma lucidum is a kind of high-temperature medicinal bacterium. The growth and development of the fruit body is the most suitable at about 29°C. The greenhouse has created a good high temperature condition for Ganoderma lucidum cultivation. However, temperatures above 32°C have an effect on the growth and development of Ganoderma lucidum. Reasonable water spray, ventilation can keep the greenhouse temperature does not exceed 32 °C. On the other hand, greenhouses also have a clear temperature difference between day and night, the lower the outside temperature, the greater the temperature difference between day and night. In the late March, the temperature in the greenhouse can reach 30°C during the day, but the temperature at night is lower than 10°C. In late May, the temperature in the greenhouse during the day can be controlled at about 30°C, and the average temperature at night can reach above 20°C. At this time, the Ganoderma lucidum bag covered with mycelium can be moved out of the greenhouse to form a thick, large, and normal shape.

(3) Adjusting the humidity and growth of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body The relative humidity is between 90 and 95%. How to maintain the humidity in the greenhouse is an important part of the Ganoderma lucidum cultivation to obtain high yield and high quality. After the bag is opened into the shed, the irrigation method is beneficial to increase the humidity in the shed. The greenhouse is a closed structure and is isolated from the outside world. The water evaporated from the ground is not easy to shed, so the humidity in the greenhouse is easy to maintain. However, the change in relative humidity in greenhouses is contrary to the change in temperature. The higher the temperature, the lower the relative humidity. When the temperature of the greenhouse reaches 30°C, under the ventilation conditions, the humidity of the greenhouse will be significantly reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to add water and spray, and at the same time, use a wet sack sheet at a height of one meter in front of the greenhouse. Through the above-mentioned measures, it is possible to maintain the appropriate output. Humidity has received noticeable results.

(4) Ventilation and oxygenation Ganoderma is an aerobic fungus, and the carbon dioxide content in the air has a great influence on the development of Ganoderma lucidum. Tests have shown that when the content of carbon dioxide in the air is about 0.1%, the stipe has a significant role in promoting; when the carbon dioxide content is between 0.1 to 0.8%, Ganoderma lucidum grow into antlers, so the winter vegetables greenhouse Ganoderma lucidum ventilation is very important. To this end, we will open a isosceles triangle vent on the northern wall of the winter vegetable greenhouse and a one-meter base film on the south to replace the wet sack. Open the shed door ventilation, a large number of low-temperature air from the ground into the shed to form a sweeping wind. Through the above measures, the carbon dioxide content in the greenhouse is always maintained at no more than 0.03%, and the shape of Ganoderma lucidum formed is large and neat.

(E) Regulating light The ganoderma lucidum mycelium grows faster under completely dark conditions than under light conditions. However, the development of fruiting bodies is very sensitive to light. Although fruit bodies can be produced from no light to strong light, the shape of fruit bodies changes greatly. Tests have shown that the top of the greenhouse is covered with three layers of grass curtains, and the illuminance in the shed is less than 300 lux. At this time, Ganoderma lucidum fruit body only produces fine and long stipe to the bottom edge and grows, and the mushroom cover grows very thin and does not even produce. Caps; the top of the greenhouse is covered with a layer of straw curtains, the light intensity in the sunny greenhouse is above 10000 lux, and the stipe and cap of Ganoderma lucidum grow stably, rapidly and in normal shape. Therefore, it is usually the top of the greenhouse covered with a layer of straw. Once you encounter continuous rainy days, you can dilute the straw curtains in the greenhouse.

(VI) Conclusion After three years of trials and promotion, the summer greenhouse Ganoderma lucidum has become a complete set of technologies. The greenhouse vegetables are harvested in May each year, and then the larvae inside the greenhouse are cleaned and disinfected. The Ganoderma lucidum bag covered with the mycelium is transported in, piled, opened, and sprinkled to adjust the temperature, humidity, oxygen, and light that are suitable for the growth of Ganoderma lucidum. Practice has proved that this technology can obtain more than 20,000 yuan net income per acre of winter greenhouse vegetables, which greatly improves the economic efficiency of greenhouses.

Third, South Korea Ganoderma lucidum cultivation technology

In recent years, Ganoderma lucidum strains introduced from South Korea have been cultivated in many areas and their area has been expanding year by year. Several cultivation techniques of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences are as follows:

(I) Seasonal arrangement Ganoderma lucidum belongs to the type of thermophilic fungi, and Ganoderma lucidum is no exception. Its mycelial growth temperature is 15-32°C, and the optimum temperature is 26-28°C. The growth and development temperature of fruit bodies is 27-29°C, and the air humidity is most suitable. 80 to 90% is appropriate. In the Liaoning area in late April or early May, the production of cultivation bags, 18-25 days after inoculation cultivation into the cultivation field, and 25-30 days of cultivation, from mid-July to mid-September can receive 2-3 Ganoderma lucidum. After the end of September, the temperature dropped and the fruiting body stopped growing.

(2) Cultivation methods In addition to a small amount of wood cultivation in Liaoning, most of them are based on material substitution cultivation method. According to the biological characteristics of Korean ganoderma lucidum, all of them are grown in plastic greenhouses with good lighting, heat preservation and ventilation conditions. The main technical links for shed-style fungus cultivation are:

1. Production of greenhouses 1 ton of dry ganoderma lucidum is required to have a greenhouse area of ​​7282.5m=1440m2 in length, width, height, and east-west direction. The bacterium bags are horizontally arranged, and the height of 12 to 13 floors can be placed in each shed. Bacteria bags (bags of dry material 500 grams) 2.5 to 30,000.

2. Bacteria bag specification To ensure the quality of the bacteria bag to prevent the rupture of the bacteria bag and reduce the cost, it is best to use a bag made of high-density low-pressure polyethylene imported raw materials blown into the material. This bag is good toughness, high temperature resistance, specifications for 1734-36 cm.

Culture formula

(1) Sawdust 54%, cottonseed husk 30%, bran 10%, corn flour 5%, gypsum powder 1%, urea 0.2%.

(2) Sawdust 77%, Corncob 10%, Corn flour 12%, Gypsum 1%, Urea 0.2%.

Regardless of which formula is used, raw materials are required to be fresh, mildew-free, and wood chips must be matched in order to facilitate ventilation. The moisture content of the material is 60 to 65%, and the pH is natural. When bagging, it should be tight and tight and compacted. The ends of the bag should be tied with rubber bands or ropes and sterilized at normal pressure. According to the aseptic procedure, the inoculation amount is 9-12 bags/bottle, and the pollution rate is controlled below 5%.

4. The management technique adopts a two-stage system in which the bacteria bags are placed on a wooden stand in the training room. At 26-28 °C under the bacteria, bacteria bags placed in the shape of wells, training room air to be smooth, bacteria must be checked during the process, there are bacteria bacteria bags to be treated in a timely manner. Generally 18-25 days mycelium can be filled with bags, and then moved into the greenhouse for the management of the cheese. This stage is in the high temperature season in Liaoning Province. Pay attention to temperature, humidity, light and ventilation. After the mycelium overwrapped the bag, use a knife to open the bag, but be careful not to break the bag. Fill the water between the pots and gutters. Spray water once in the morning and evening on a sunny day. The amount of water spray is appropriate to keep the soil moist. In rainy dry weather, the amount of water spray and the number of water sprays should be appropriately increased, and about 15 vents (4 to 5 meters apart) should be drilled on each side of the greenhouse in order to prevent the fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum from becoming rotten due to high humidity. Ganoderma lucidum is particularly sensitive to light. If it is poorly lit or poorly ventilated, it grows into a deformed mushroom. Therefore, the roof is covered with a straw to keep scattered light. The bacteria bag is placed at an interval of 8 to 10 centimeters to avoid overlap and adhesion of the body. Spore powder can no longer spray water on the body. Wait for the white growth circle to stop growing and turn yellow when harvested.

5. Ganoderma lucidum grows and processes in the same shed. The growth time is uneven, and the white growth circle disappears and the maturity is not consistent. Therefore, the selected fruiting body has grown to a large enough size, the color has turned dark brown, the sub-solid layer has been thickened, Ganoderma lucidum has more spore powder, harvested, cut with a knife along the base, and put it on a sunny day. Dry on the sieve for 2-3 days, put it in a plastic bag, seal it with a preservative, and prevent it from returning mildew. Then pack it out of the box.

Fourth, Ganoderma bag opening tips

How to plant ganoderma lucidum in bags, and to play a decisive role in the formation of primordial differentiation and the growth and development of fruit bodies, and in improving the quality of Ganoderma lucidum production, the experience of Heilongjiang Provincial Agricultural Economics School in bag cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum production is as follows:

(A) The opening time of opening the mouth of Chiba is generally carried out when the mycelium is full of bags or when the mycelia is twisted and knotted. This method advances the chewing mouth when the hyphae eats 1/2 - 2/3 bags, because at this time, the mycelium grows vigorously and its vitality is strong. In the upper part of the bag, the mycelium is grown and the chewing mouth is opened. , Ventilation, heat preservation, moisturizing, hyphae began to twist the knot is the original base, while the lower part of the hyphae can continue to grow to the bottom of the bag, so that 5 to 7 days in advance out of Chicago, increase production.

(2) There are many ways for Ganoderma lucidum to be opened in the opening style. If you remove the tampon (or cover), open the “V”, “Ten”, and “Yi” shaped mouths on the pouch membrane. Ganoderma lucidum is long from the edge of the bag tampon. Practice has shown that it is better to remove the brocade (or cover) of the bag mouth. It is also better to open the "V" shape of the chewy mouth on the bag membrane. Other types of opening out of the zhizhi method are undesirable. The reason is: remove the bag tampon (or cover), due to the smaller diameter, both ventilation and control of water evaporation in the medium, under suitable conditions, the formation of primordial differentiation soon. Open "V", "Ten" and "a" shape out of Chiba, because the bag film is still covered with the medium, it is not enough to pull out the tamponade ventilation, is not conducive to the formation of primordium differentiation, but open "V" shaped mouth can be Prevent the water sprayed on the bag from penetrating the culture medium and reduce the contamination of the bacteria. The "10" and "Y" shaped mouths easily cause the water sprayed on the bag wall to infiltrate into the culture medium, resulting in excessive local moisture and poor ventilation. Not conducive to the formation of primordial differentiation, and will increase the contamination of bacteria. As for the fact that Ganoderma lucidum is not grown on the edge of the tampon, the growth of Ganoderma lucidum is difficult due to poor ventilation and the narrow gap between the tampon and the bag mouth, which not only extends the time of lucidity extraction, but also causes moisture and nutrients in the later period. The transportation supply is hindered, causing Ganoderma lucidum to grow poorly or even deformed, resulting in low yield and poor quality.

(C) the number of openings Practice has proved that the number of outlets should be less than the number should not be more, and its purpose is to control the same tide each bag out of the number of flowers. If you take the method of removing the bag tampon, you don't have to open it. Generally, there should be no more than two cheese mouths per bag and one should be appropriate. 1 out of Chichiguchi, at the same time the formation of 1 to 2 ganoderma lucidum, the high rate of zapping is high, the ganoderma cover large and thick, high yield, excellent quality. Otherwise, there are too many chewing mouths, will inevitably form an excessive number of primordium, nutrient supply dispersed, Ganoderma lucidum grown not only small flowers, low yield, and deformed antler shaped more antlers, reducing the quality of Ganoderma lucidum.

(4) Opening depth The depth of opening is closely related to the formation of primordial differentiation. Practice has proved that not only to cut the bag membrane, but also to scratch the pellicle membrane to expose the medium, the depth of 0.5 to 1.0 mm. Breaking the pellicle not only facilitates the entry of air, but also cuts the mycelium to promote the formation of primordial differentiation.

(five) After the opening of the management bag to open out Zhikou, to ensure good light, temperature, humidity and air and other conditions to promote the formation of the original base differentiation. Practice has proved that the scattering light from the glass windows in general rooms can meet the needs of primordial differentiation and fruit body growth and development. The temperature should be controlled at 26-28 °C. It is necessary to maintain a constant temperature of day and night to prevent the temperature difference from being too large, so as to avoid the occurrence of malformation. The air humidity should be increased to 85-95%. Spray water 3 times on the ground, walls and space every morning, evening, and evening. When spraying, it should be swept away. Combine water spray three times a day, about 20 minutes each time. If the primordium is formed too much, it is better to leave the primordium. It is advisable to leave one in each bag, and no more than two.

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