Feed mold and its damage Most food crops such as corn, wheat, soybeans, peanuts and their by-products, corn stalks, alfalfa vines, and forage grasses are harvested on rainy days, fail to dry in time after harvest (water content up to 13% or less), or storage environment is humid and poorly ventilated. It will mold in a few days. Dried foods, processed soybean meal, and grass powder, etc., in the course of storage, if they are in direct contact with wet ground or the storage environment is humid, poor ventilation, and appropriate humidity, will be mildewed. Under the same conditions, the processed crushed feed is more prone to mildew than the whole granules. In breeding farms, especially brooding rooms, feed stores, and feed processing rooms, it is a place where molds can easily grow. Molds produce mycotoxin during growth. According to relevant information, Mold and the main mycotoxin. Molds in moldy feed include Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus spp., Fusarium graminearum, Penicillium expansum and the like. They produce a lot of mycotoxins. At present, there are more than 350 toxins detected in feed, mainly aflatoxin, zeoctin, ochratoxin, vomitoxin, T-2 mycotoxins, various mycotoxins in feed. There is a synergy between them, making it more difficult to diagnose poisoned sick animals. Mold damage to ostriches Moldy mildew can reduce the nutritional value of feed, moldy feed will firstly reduce the feed palatability, in addition, mold use feed nutrients to grow and reproduce, reducing the original nutritional value of feed, studies have shown that the same feed in mildew After the fat, metabolic energy, carotene, vitamin E, vitamin B1, lysine and other nutritional indicators than before mildew decreased by 20% -40%. Mycotoxin poisons humans and livestock and affects the function of various organs. Light animal growth and development are hindered and production capacity declines. In severe cases, multiple diseases can occur concurrently, resulting in the death of livestock and poultry. There are many examples of ostrich farms in this area. E.g: (1) The brooding room is humid and poorly ventilated. The litter of the nestlings, (sanding, padding, etc.) excrement and dirt are not timely cleaned. Under the proper temperature conditions, the molds will invade and multiply rapidly. Produce toxins and infect chicks. (2) In the feed warehouse or feed processing room, during the rainy season, the rain is continuous and the feed is easily damp and moldy. Ostrich feeding is easy to poison. The sensitivity of ostriches to mycotoxins depends on the species, age, physical condition, nutritional status, and the virulence of the toxin produced by the mold. The light had no obvious symptoms and no significant death was apparent. The resulting loss was implicit. The main clinical symptoms: Some comprehensive performances have emerged, such as reduced feed intake of breeding birds, decreased egg production, an increase in the proportion of unqualified breeding eggs, and weakened breeding ability of male birds. Feed repayments have fallen sharply. After being infected with mold, chicks showed impaired development, unpleasant feathers, obvious clinical manifestations of respiratory disease, increased respiratory frequency, drooping wings, feathery hair, unresponsiveness, loss of appetite but no food, weight loss, and death. Major pathological changes Anatomy of dead birds can be seen, increased mucus in the trachea, congestion of the tracheal mucosa. There are miliary yellow-white nodules in the lungs. Their texture is hard and elastic, and the cut surface shows caseous necrosis. Severely affected birds have obvious lobular or lobar pneumonia. Occurrences of green and black irregular round mould plaques are sometimes seen on the thoracic abdominal balloon. Laboratory inspection The laboratory tests were conducted on the materials collected to see mycelium and conidia. It can be diagnosed as mycosis. Prevention of mycosis At present, there are no specific treatment methods for this disease, and taking preventive measures actively can achieve ideal results. Without moldy feed, when the farm purchases feed, forage (grass flour, grass particles), it must be a good moisture content. General requirements do not exceed 13%-14%. Feed and forage grasses have excessive moisture. Molds are prone to breed, causing feed and forage to mold. Feed the full price feed, there are enough trace elements selenium, carotene, folic acid in the feed, can improve the immunity of the ostrich, promote the liver's ability to detoxify toxins, and can effectively reduce the harm of mycotoxins. The feed warehouse of the farm farm should select the highest point on the site, indoor moisture protection and ventilation. Prevent feed moisture and mildew. For farms that do not have a good feed stock, it is not easy to buy feeds at one time, and feed them once or twice a month to prevent feed from becoming moldy on the farm. Molds are widely found in nature and grow and multiply quickly in moderately humid environments and temperatures. Therefore, timely replacement of contaminated or damp litters (such as sand and grass mats in the brooding room) is frequent around food and sinks. Clean up to prevent mold breeding. Many breeding farms in the north adopt fire brooding, and the brooding environment is dry to prevent mold breeding. According to clinical reports, the incidence of chicks was high for 1-2 months. It may be overlooked to create a good brooding environment. Breeding density. Causes breeding and reproduction of moulds and infecting chicks. Therefore, the brooding environment is dry. The appropriate breeding density is one of the main measures for reducing mycosis. Prevention measures, the experience of the Northwest China Ostrich Breeding Promotion Center is: (1) Remove pollution sources, such as mildew feed, grass bedding etc. (2) Healthy birds are kept in isolation from the affected birds. (3) Disinfect the aviary with 2-3 fire alkali solution, litter. (4) Strengthen air ventilation in the house and keep it dry. (5) Reduce breeding density. Treatment programs (1) Add anti-nuclear-2000 to feed, add 3 kg per ton of feed. Add copper sulfate solution in a ratio of 1:3000 and drink for 5 days. (2) Oral mold making tablets. In some farms, nystatin is also used. The amount of nystatin per 100 kg of feed is 4000 units of nystatin for 7-10 days. At the same time with 0.5% potassium iodide solution free drinking water for 3 days. Drink with 0.1% copper sulfate solution for 5 days. At the same time with 0.05% clotrimazole mix fed for 5 days. Symptomatic treatment, with kanamycin, streptomycin and other antibiotic drugs for intramuscular injection, can control the condition.
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