Nature: Artificial transformation of ribosomes can turn cells into "chemical plants" August 03, 2015 Source: Bio Valley By hijacking the cell's protein synthesis system, synthetic biologists have developed a tool that can be used to understand the synthesis and action of antibiotics, and to transform cells into tailor-made "chemical factories." A team of bioengineers, led by biochemist Alexander Mankin of the University of Illinois, has successfully transformed the important molecular machine ribosomes in cells. This research may drive the continued development of synthetic biology. Almost all life is heavily dependent on the protein synthesis machinery ribosome, a giant protein molecular machine that performs protein synthesis day and night. By reading the messenger RNA molecular template to obtain information, directing different types of amino acids to be arranged and combined according to information, and finally synthesizing Amino Acid chains (polypeptides), these amino acid chains will continue to be transported, modified, folded, and finally form functional proteins and reach themselves. Destination. Protein is a functional unit of cells, and its meaning is self-evident, so normal-functioning ribosomes are very important to cells. The engineering of this huge molecular machine of ribosomes is not easy, because the transformation cannot be too different from the standard prototype, otherwise the cells will die and the expected results will not be achieved. Moreover, engineered ribosomes can do what researchers expect, but tend to "forget" some of the functions of normal ribosomes. Ribosomes are very large functional units and are a complex that includes many RNAs and proteins. RNA accounts for a large proportion of ribosomes and is also thought to be inseparable from ribosome functions and even directly involved in the catalytic process of protein synthesis. Researchers hope to be able to separate a part of this large complex to function alone, or to add some unnatural parts, so that the engineered ribosome can do something different, such as incorporation in the protein synthesis process. Natural amino acids (synthetic or modified amino acids), synthesized from this non-natural peptide, can have a certain meaning in the pharmaceutical industry. Ribosomes are actually composed of two largely different subunits, one larger subunit and one smaller subunit. When the ribosome is about to start working, the two subunits are combined, work is done and then separated, and this cycle continues. The subunit that each subunit encounters at the next work may not have been encountered before. If a protein is used to engineer a portion of a subunit, then a naturally natural, generally engineered subunit can synthesize a protein with an unnatural amino acid, but the synthesis of normal proteins can also be blocked. The idea of ​​Alexander Mankin's team is to transform the two subunits at the same time and let them work together. They spent months trying to find the right RNA molecule, permanently linking the two modified size subunits together, and using E. coli to screen out the work that could be done by these RNA molecules. Transform the ribosome. Eventually they discovered that a modified ribosome could support the growth of E. coli cells, albeit slowly, but at least these engineered ribosomes could work with normal ribosomes. This research opens a new world of synthetic biology: two artificially engineered subunit ribosomes linked by RNA molecules that work in E. coli without damaging other cellular functions. Using this engineered ribosome, E. coli cells can do a lot of things, such as studying the mechanism of ribosomes, studying the interaction between antibiotics and ribosomes, and if you further expand the genetic coding of cells, you can use these engineering Ribosomes are used to synthesize new polymers or to convert cells into a multi-purpose "cellular chemical plant." Cosmetics are compound mixtures made from various raw materials after reasonable blending and processing. There are many types of cosmetics raw materials with different properties. According to the raw material properties and uses of cosmetics, it can be roughly divided into two categories: base raw materials and auxiliary raw materials. The former is a main raw material of cosmetics, which occupies a large proportion in cosmetic formulations, and is the main functional substance in cosmetics. The latter is responsible for shaping, stabilizing or imparting color, fragrance and other characteristics to cosmetics. 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