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1, the disease caused by rotten fruit
(1) Botrytis cinerea mainly occurs in the young fruit period of pepper, and at the early stage of disease, brown water-spotted lesions appear on the top or peduncle of young fruit.
After the sag rot, dark brown or gray, fruit on the dense layer of gray mold, the disease continued high relative humidity in the greenhouse is the leading factor in the occurrence and spread of gray mold, especially in the spring and rainy weather in many years, the temperature is low, the wind Not promptly, the humidity within the shed is roughly attributable to the occurrence and spread of gray mold.
(2) When the soft rot occurs, the diseased fruit is immersed in dark green spots, then becomes brown soft rot. It has bad odor, the internal pulp rots, the peel turns white, and the entire fruit loses its water and then shrinks and falls off or hangs on the branches. Soft rot is a bacterial disease. Pathogens are transmitted through rainwater or irrigation water and operating tools. After infection, the bacterium can spread through the larvae.
(3) Epidemic disease is a devastating disease of pepper. It can be diseased from the seedling stage to the end of the disease period. It damages the flowers, leaves, stems, and fruits of pepper. The majority of rotten fruit starts from the pedicel and the disease develops a dark green, brownish brown spot. There is a clear boundary between the disease and the Ministry of Health. After that, it quickly turns brown and soft rot. When the humidity is high, a white mold layer grows on the surface. When it is dry, it forms a dark brown, stale fruit, which remains on the branches and is not easy to fall off. The bacteria spread to the base of the stem or near the ground through rain or irrigation, causing the disease.
(4) Anthrax occurs throughout the entire result period, and results are more severe in the middle and later stages. The fruit was infected. It was initially immersed in yellow-brown round spots with a brownish brown tinge. The center was gray-brown. There were raised concentric rings on the surface of the spots, and many dark spots were produced densely. When wet, the surface of the lesions overflowed with red sticky material and became dry. Department of dry shrink film, often cracking exposed seeds. The disease latent in the seeds of mycelium, the conditions suitable for rapid onset, especially in high temperature and rain, poor drainage, planting density is too large, improper fertilization or nitrogen fertilizer is too large, poor ventilation, heavy onset, epidemic is rapid.
(5) Physiological diseases of pepper, sun burning disease and umbilical rot. Sunburn is a physiological disease caused by strong light irradiation, which mainly occurs on the sunny side of the fruit. At the beginning of the disease, the sun was grayed out or light white leathery, the surface of the diseased area became thin, tissue necrosis became hard, later saprophytic bacteria infested, and the gray moldy layer grew to rot. The disease is mainly caused by localized heating of the fruits and burning of epidermal cells. In the shading of the leaves is not good, the lack of water in the soil or the dry and hot weather, excessive heat after the rain, easily lead to the disease. Umbilical rot is also called top rot. The main damage fruit. The victim's fruit was found in the remnants of the floral organ and its vicinity, with dark greenish-green water-colored spots, and then rapidly enlarged. It was 2-3 cm in diameter and sometimes enlarged to half a fruit. The affected tissue is shrunken, the surface is sunken, and often dark brown or black with the infection of weak parasites. The internal flesh is also dark, but it is still firm, such as soft rot caused by soft rot bacteria infestation. The disease is prone to occur at high temperatures and droughts. Abnormal water supply is the main cause of the disease.
2, management technology can not keep up
First, the ventilation (warmth) is not timely, the flowering period of the pepper is too high or too low, and the insemination is incomplete. The pollen development is suitable for temperature 20-30°C. Above or below this temperature is unfavorable for pollen fertility, and the pollen bud rate is reduced. , easy to produce deformed fruit, the temperature is lower than 13 °C, especially when the night temperature is low, bad flower buds, easy to form a stalemate. Second, there is no strengthening of water and fertilizer management. When the peppers are transplanted, the root water is insufficient and the seedlings are irrigated. The water and fertilizer supply is not timely in the fruiting period, or the fertilizer is topped up, the watering is too much, the vegetative growth is excessive, the reproductive growth is inhibited, and the rot is easily formed. Fruit, stagnation phenomenon. Third, at the seedling stage, in case of low temperature or long duration of drought, the growth of seedlings is inhibited, the flowers are easily corked, or the growth of the root system is inhibited, which affects the nutrient supply needed for fruit expansion and becomes a stale fruit, and even becomes rotten.
3, the lack of nutrients or excess
The lack of potassium in pepper showed a yellowing after the flowering result. The leaf margin was necrotic and curled, and the internodes became shorter. Yellow spots appeared between the leaf margins and veins of some cultivars, and the leaf shrunk to a small deformed necrosis. When the leaves and leaf margins are partially yellow, the fruit develops umbilical rot or stagnant fruit in the result period; the lack of boron is the root system, the growing point shrinks and dies, the flower development is incomplete, the fruit is deformed, the fruit surface has scattered dark or dry spots, and flesh appears Brown sag and rot; in the absence of phosphorus, the leaves are dark green with brown spots, the old leaves turn brown, the leaves are thin, the veins of the lower leaves turn red, the ripening of the fruit is delayed; in the absence of nitrogen, the plants are poorly grown, thin, and the leaves change from the base Yellow, gradually developed into new leaves; if nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are applied excessively, the soil lacks water, and the concentration of soil solution increases sharply. Due to the antagonistic and cooperative effects of ions, the peppers exhibit calcium deficiency, yellowing and wilting, and the fruit is rotted; when the phosphorus fertilizer is surplus, The tip of the blade was whitened and dried with small pits.
Second, control methods
1, agricultural control. The prevention and control of chili rot fruit and fruit should adopt comprehensive prevention and treatment methods based on agricultural measures and supplemented by chemical control.
(1) Selection of disease-resistant varieties: varieties with strong resistance to disease, such as picking pepper No.2, No.6, Minxin early pepper, and Baofeng 106.
(2) Seed disinfection: sowing in the sun first sowing 1-2 days before sowing, to kill epidermis miscellaneous bacteria, increase the germination potential; soaking with warm water 50-55 °C for 15 minutes (continuous stirring), the water temperature dropped to 25-30 °C water Soak 5-6 hours, then add 1% copper sulfate aqueous solution to soak seeds for 5 minutes, or pour seeds with seeds of 0.3% mancozeb powder for 5 minutes; or soak seed with water for 4-5 hours. Immersed in 10% trisodium phosphate aqueous solution for 15 minutes, remove, purify with water, and germinate at 25-30°C. The germination of the peppers is performed by variable temperature treatment, high temperature 30-35°C, low temperature 20-25°C, high and low temperature treatment. The time is 10 hours and 14 hours, respectively. During the germination process, attention should be paid to adjusting the humidity and changing the air. The seed should be turned once every 6 hours and supplemented with some moisture. When the seed is exposed, it should be sown.
(3) Proper close planting and planting of two plants: Make the leaves shade each other to prevent the fruits from being exposed to sunlight.
(4) Cultivation of disease-free seedlings.
(5) Timely ventilation to reduce temperature (warmth), to maintain a higher temperature in the morning shed, so that the dew on the roof fog; appropriate extension of the ventilation time in the afternoon, reduce the temperature within the shed; at night to properly increase the shed temperature and reduce condensation. If you encounter low temperatures, keep warm and warm.
(6) Reasonable rotations should be carried out in rotation with crucifer crops to avoid rotation with melons and solanaceous vegetables.
(7) Remove old and diseased leaves and burn them in time to increase ventilation and light transmission in the field and reduce the source of disease.
(8) Strengthen management of water and fertilizer, timely drainage after rain, prevent water accumulation, growth period, timely watering and fertilizer in the result period, especially timely watering in the result period to prevent high temperature damage, and watering should be carried out at sunny hours from 9 to 12 am to avoid The water in the field was topdressed with compound fertilizer to enhance the disease resistance of the plants and topdressing with water. During the result period, attention was paid to the balanced supply of nutrients.
(9) Adding organic fertilizer and regularly spraying foliar fertilizer, ie potassium dihydrogen phosphate, zinc sulfate, borax, pepper and other foliar fertilizers.
(10) Prevent and cure the three falling diseases (falling flowers, falling fruits, fallen leaves) in time to avoid early defoliation and reduce the incidence and damage of sunburn.
2, pharmaceutical control. When the pests occur, they can prevent and treat the disease as early as possible to prevent the spread of the disease. Botrytis cinerea was treated with 50% SuoQing 2000 times solution or 50% Propionin 1500 times solution spray. If the temperature in the shed was low, the humidity was high and the smoke was alternately fumigated 2-3 times with better results.
Soft rot was killed with 10% imidacloprid 1000-fold or 5% cilexetil 1000-fold. With 72% of streptomycin sulfate soluble powder 4000 times solution or 14% solution of ammonia bath 350 times solution spray or rooting.
The disease was treated with 64% antiviral WP 500 times solution or 50% metalaxyl MnZn powder 800 times solution or 50% methacrylate 600X solution.
Anthracnose was treated with 50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 600 times or 75% chlorothalonil 700 times or 80% anthraquinone Calcium 800 times or 50% carbendazim 500 times.
Virus disease must prevent and control insect pests such as aphids and whitefly in order to reduce the spread of viral diseases throughout the cultivation process. Use 20% of virus A WP 500 times or 1.5% of phytopathogenic Ling emulsion 1000 times or antiviral No. 1 200-300 times to control. The above agents are used alternately, sprayed once every 7-10 days, and sprayed 2-3 times.
Causes and Prevention of Rotten Fruit and Fruit in Pepper in Greenhouse
First, the causes of rotten fruit