1. Feed modulation

Appropriate comminution of grain feed is necessary, but crushed is too harmful. Adequate water admixing before feeding is beneficial, but it is unfavorable over a certain limit. Most feeds should be fed raw, and individual feeds can be beneficially cooked.

(1) Feed Crushing Fineness: The grain feeds such as corn, sorghum, barley, wheat, rice, etc., have a hard seed coat or a hard glume, and can be crushed or compressed before feeding to reduce the energy consumed by chewing. It also helps digestion. The crushed fineness can be classified into fine (1.8-2.6 mm diameter). Numerous tests and practices have proved that the fineness of corn and other comminuted grains is good with a medium comminution of particle diameter of 1.2-1.8 mm. The pigs are refreshing, have a large feed intake, fast weight gain, and a high feed utilization rate. The corn is finely crushed, causing damage to the esophagus and gastric mucosa. As in one trial, pigs fed coarse corns had 8% and 3% of pigs with gastric mucosal erosion and ulceration. Pigs fed moderately comminuted corn had 14% and 4% of pigs with gastric mucosal erosion and ulceration. For pigs fed finely milled corn, 46% and 15% of gastric mucosal erosions and ulcers corresponded. Maize shreds finely, which also reduces pig feed intake, weight gain, and feed utilization. According to tests, pigs fed a fine-powdered compound with a particle diameter of 0.3-0.5 mm were fed with a medium-fine compounded feed for a delay of 15 days to reach the same slaughter weight. According to another test, pigs eating pellets with a diameter of 1.2 mm had a daily gain of 700-723 grams, while pigs with a pellet diameter of 1.6 mm had a daily gain of 758-780 grams. The smash fineness of the grain feed can not be treated absolutely. When the grain contains more roughage, the fine crushed grains do not affect palatability and do not cause gastric ulcers. When barley and wheat are used to feed pigs, it is better to use a tablet machine to press into a flake than to crush. Green feed, root tuber, silage and melon feed can be chopped or beaten and mixed with feed to feed pigs. This can reduce scorching, reduce chewing, reduce bulk, and increase feed intake. Sugar beets must be crushed when they are fed in large amounts, and fines are better, otherwise they can easily cause indigestion and diarrhea. Dry roughage should generally be crushed to fineness. Can reduce the size, improve palatability and increase feed intake.

(2) feed raw and cooked feed: corn, sorghum, barley, wheat and other grain feed mature will destroy vitamins, reducing the efficiency of amino acids. In the United States, the results of 26 systematic trials were summarized. This kind of feed reduced the utilization rate by 10% compared with raw feed due to the bad process of cooking and the destruction of nutrients. Therefore, the grain feed and its processing by-products should be fed raw. Do not cook ripe porridge to feed pigs. Feeding not only works well, but also saves on stoves, fuel, and labor. A variety of green forages, such as pasture, green grass, leaves, carrots, beets, cabbage, radishes, melons, and aquatic plants, should be crushed and beaten to be fed. Cooking will destroy vitamins, and improper treatment will also cause nitrite. Poisoning. Potatoes, sweet potatoes and their powdered slag can be cooked and fed to significantly increase their utilization. Soybeans, beans, fried or boiled and fed have higher utilization rates than raw ones. Feeds containing harmful ingredients such as cottonseed cakes, rapeseed cakes, mildly deteriorating feeds (containing fungus, mold), and canteen leftovers, leftovers, and drowning, cooked well, can avoid or reduce the possibility of poisoning. In short, the vast majority of feeds used for feeding pigs, All should be crushed and formulated to feed whole-grain feed, which not only provides good feeding but also reduces feed costs. The old habit of feeding raw pigs should change. With a good dry powder, no water, directly into the automatic feeding tank feeding pigs, saving labor. As long as sufficient water is ensured, good results can be achieved when feeding pigs with powdered material. The conditions required for feeding dry powders are that the ground in the pen must be hard (cement or wood floor), otherwise the feed that is thrown out to the outside will be damaged by the mud. In order to facilitate the feeding of pigs, shorten the feeding time, and avoid feed dust, the dry powder may be mixed with water at 1:0.5 or 1:1, adjusted to semi-dry or wet powder, fed with troughs or Drain the hard ground and give it another drink. Material: When the proportion of water is increased to 1:1.5-2, it is ready to be used as a congee or congee, and it will not affect the feeding effect. However, it must be fed with troughs and labor costs must be paid. Do not add too much water to the feed. When the material: the proportion of water exceeds 1:2.5, it will reduce the secretion of various digestive juices, dilute the digestive juice, reduce the activity of various digestive enzymes, and affect the digestion and absorption of feed. Too much water in the diet (more than 70% to 75%) also affects the utilization of feed nitrogen and the amount of body protein deposited. According to experiments, when the moisture content of the diet increased to 83%, the nitrogen utilization rate decreased by 6.6%. Another trial showed that diets were mixed with 1:1 water, and 135.6 grams of body protein was deposited per day. For diets mixed with water at 1:3, body protein deposition per day decreased to 121.3 g. Therefore, the habit of farm pigs feeding thin materials should change. The proportion of feed 2 water is within l:0.5-2, and the water content of the feed should be within 60%-70%. From the point of view of weight gain rate and feed utilization rate, the feed of wet-powder or semi-dry powder of hog is better than dry powder, and there is no difference in the effect on carcass quality.

(4) Granular material and powdery material: Most of the test results showed that the pellets fed to the pigs were better than the dry powders, and the general daily weight gain and feed utilization rate increased by 8% to 10%. However, there are also some experiments that show that the effect of feeding wet powder to pigs is no worse than that of pellets. The cost of pellets is higher than that of powdered materials. Granules in the granular material are finer than the dry powder. The particle diameter is 7-16 mm depending on the stage of growth of the pig.

2. Feeding method

(1) Limited Feeding and Unlimited Feeding: Limited Feeding is a measure of how much food is rationed to a pig each day. Feeding is not limited, one method is to put the diet into an automatic feeding tank where any pig can eat freely: Another method is to feed it in an unlimited amount, and there is a little left after each meal. Not limited to feeding, pigs eat more, faster weight gain, but poor feed utilization, body fat. Limited feeding, unfavorable for weight gain of pigs, but higher feed utilization, the body is thinner. R. BTaude summarized the results of 89 free-feeding and limited-feeding trials in the world from 1955 to 1970. Free-feeding was beneficial to weight gain 88 times. 13 times beneficial to feed utilization, 61 loss. Only one of the benefits of carcass quality was compromised 73 times.

As a result of these foreign trials, the diets are grain-based concentrates. The situation in China is different from that in the country. The percentage of pigs fed with dietary bran is relatively large, or they are fed with more bad dregs or green roughage, so foreign conclusions cannot be completely copied. In the current situation of coarse diets, the unlimited amount of feeding still does not lose its application value. In the practice of hog raising, both weight gain, feed utilization, and carcass fatness should be taken into account. Before 60 kg in body weight, free-feeding or unlimited-feeding should be adopted. Appropriate food restriction after 60 kg in body weight, or by adopting a method of controlling the amount of feed each time, or adopting a method of decreasing the energy concentration of the diet and feeding it without limitation.

(2) Method of feed water supply: When the hog adopts intensive feeding and sleeping habits, the semi-dry powder or wet powder may be sprinkled on the concrete floor of the feeding bar. There is enough sink or automatic drinker. When fixed in a small colony, it is necessary to use a trough feed or an automatic feeding trough for free feeding, and a separate water tank or drinking fountain. Sprinkle on the ground is not suitable, because the feed is easy to mix with the urine, more damage. Feeding on the ground must ensure sufficient feeding time. Feeding troughs should ensure that each pig has enough slots (at least 30 cm) to prevent strong food. Must ensure adequate clean drinking water.

(3) The number of daily feedings; The number of pigs fed on a daily basis depends on the age of the pig and the composition of the diet. In the piglet stage, the gastrointestinal volume is small, the digestive power is poor, and the relative feed requirement is large. It is recommended to feed 3-4 times a day. In the medium and large pig stages, the gastrointestinal volume is enlarged and the digestive power is increased, which can reduce the number of feedings. According to many test results, if the diet is of the concentrate type, feeding 2 or 3 times a day, there is almost no difference in weight gain and feed utilization. If the diet contains more green material, dry roughage, or bad residue feed, feeding 3-4 times a day is necessary to increase the total amount of food consumed each day, which is conducive to weight gain. It is not necessary to increase the number of feedings. It not only wastes labor but also affects the rest and digestion of the pigs. The interval between feedings should be balanced as much as possible, and the feeding time should be selected when the pig is appetizing. For example, when feeding twice a day in the summer, it is better to feed at 6 o'clock and 18 o'clock because the appetite of the pig is strong because the morning and evening are cooler.

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